Kidney cancer is a major public health problem. Early diagnosis improves the chances of survival. The diagnosis is mainly based on the imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT and MRI. These tests are sometimes associated with biopsy and are expensive and sometimes invasive. In addition, the imaging test is not able to distinguish between benign and malignant tumors and between histological subtypes of renal cell carcinoma. There don’t exist tumor marker in renal cancer such as PSA in prostate cancer or Fetoprotein and HCG in testicular cancer. For this purpose, the study has focused on finding markers mRNAs and miRNAs in biological fluids (serum, plasma, urine) for clear cell renal cell carcinoma. We have shown that the small cell-free RNAs in serum and urine and the integrity of cell-free RNA in urine were diagnostic tools for clear cell renal cell carcinoma. If these circulating small RNAs are validated, we can possibly imagine the interest in clinical practice as the detection of circulating small RNAs in urine to predict cancer, the classification of the tumor to help the clinician, the prediction of recurrence and progression after nephrectomy or during medical treatment
