Oligonucleotides are finding an extremely large number of applications in molecular diagnostics and might become a very selective class of drugs for the treatment of a vast palette of diseases. Oligonucleotides are polyanions that exert their specifie activity following hybridization to a complementary sequence borne by another polyanionic nucleic acid. Simple electrostatic considerations imply that hybridization energy and cell binding couId benefit from addition of cationic groups to the oligonucleotide structure. Towards the aim of improving hybridization by decreasing electrostatic repulsions between the negatively charged strands, oligonucleotide-oligocation conjugates whose global charge is modulated by the number of cationic spermine moieties grafted on the oligonucleotides have been developed. Oligonucleotide-oligospermine conjugates are produced using an automated solid-phase synthesis of conjugates that are entirely based on the phosphoramidite coupling chemistry. Zip Nucleic Acids {ZNAs} are oligonucleotides with a short polycationic tail, composed of relatively few spermine units, leading to molecules overall negative in charge. The modification improves hybridisation by accelerating the target recognition and increases the melting temperature linearly with the number of grafted spermines on the oligonucleotide without altering the specificity. ZNAs have been shown to be potent primers and probes for PCR and are new interesting tools for molecular biology and diagnostics applications. Small interfering RNA (siRNA}-mediated gene silencing has become a drug development paradigm. As drug candidates, they must aIso be able to cross the anionic cell membrane. However, still one major limitation of the use of siRNA remains their inability to penetrate efficiently into cells of a particular tissue or tumour. That gives to oligonucleotide-oligospermine conjugates a real interest in this domain and more generally in vivo therapies. Cationic SIRNAPLUS are duplexes of small RNAs targeting a specifie mRNA. They are produced as an oligospermine-RNA sense strand, with positive global charge, associated to an antisense RNA strand. Results have shown that cationic siRNAs are able to enter cells efficiently without vector and to display silencing activity at nanomolar concentration. To have positive global charge, the number of spermine moieties has been increased. Purification and characterization methods have been developed to have cationic siRNAs compatible with in vivo experiments. My thesis will describe the synthesis of oligonucleotide-oligospermine conjugates as well as their applications.
