Anthropogenic activities modulate landscape and promote the establishment of invasive populations. Management of these populations represents a major issue for public health (zoonotic disease, famine), environment (biodiversity loss) and economy (damages). This multidisciplinary thesis has been conducted in natural conditions on populations of rodents infesting agricultural landscapes at large scale. This work aims to understand biological mechanisms that promote adaptations to anthropogenic pressures. The results suggest that (1) two species may infest oil palm plantations in Indonesia: an endemic rat Rattus tiomanicus - which presence is associated with natural habitat typology - and an introduced rats Rattus tanezumi-R3 - which occur in association with the Human Footprint- ; (2) clinal geographic distribution of these species is probably due to both phylogeography and contemporary human activities, and suggest interspecific competition; (3) genetic isolation by distance patterns among these populations, and restricted gene flow potentially influenced by road transport; (4) R. tanezumi-R3 developed a strong physiological resistance to coumatetralyl under AVK exposure. This resistance is not associated with a genetic mutation of the target molecule, and may relate to metabolic enzymes. This work highlights behavioral and physiological adaptations of invasive populations of rodents in agricultural landscape, and thus provides scientific basis for integrated pest management
