Neuroblastoma, an embryonal tumour of neuro‐ectodermal origin, stands up with brain tumours as the most worrying cancer of paediatric oncology. The huge heterogeneity of neuroblastic tumours has led i) to find oncogenic mechanisms, and ii) to refine risk stratification of the disease. In using a tumour cohort of patients as well as human NB lines, we sought for microRNA involved in neuroblastoma tumour progression. Comparison of tumours of low‐risk to those of high‐risk resulted to identifying several microRNA composing the C14MC cluster (located within the 14q32.31 locus), whose expression was associated with prognosis; high risk tumours having a differential lower transcript level.Expression of miR‐487b and miR‐410 was a better prognostic factor than the standard algorithm based on age, stage, and N‐MYC genomic content status. As the C14MC cluster belongs to a imprinted locus, the second cluster of microRNAs so far described in the human genome as imprinted, i.e., the C19MC, was analysed: in high‐risk neuroblastoma, miR‐516a‐5p transcript level was differentially up‐regulated (contrasting to microRNAs from C14MC) and was also associated with prognosis. Combination of transcript levels of miR‐487b and miR‐516a‐5p provides a powerful prognostic factor better than only miR expression from C14MC. Therefore, new risk stratification has been proposed.In neuroblastoma, tumour expression deregulation found to be restricted to C14MC and C19MC as well as the DLK1 et MEG3 harboured by the 14q32.31 locus, should result from methylation anomalies. Epigenetic modulators (5‐AZA and PBA) resulted in a significant increase of miR from C14MC as well as DLK1 and MEG3 genes. With regards to target genes, our results point out N‐MYC, TWIST1 and TWIST2 as direct or indirect targets of miR‐487b & miR‐516a‐5p. Our data and literature – indicating relative underexpression of C14MC microRNAs and hyper‐expression of C19MC microRNAs in aggressive forms of various adult cancers – thus stress the potential involvement of the two clusters in human carcinogenesis.
