This thesis concerns a context of miniaturization of micromachined ultrasonic transducers (cMUTs). This type of device has been used for decades in the field of ultrasound imaging for the non-destructive testing of structures for example. The quest of a highly resolved imaging requires the use of cMUTs with a resonance frequency in the order of GHz and with a micrometer size. The main part of these cMUts is a suspended membrane with a micrometric surface. An analytical study, based on the mechanical behavior of thin plates, is used for the design of the suspended membranes. This study emphasizes the importance of having a nanometric thickness to obtain a detectable electrical signal. Several materials, namely carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphene oxide, DLC (diamond like carbon ) and silicon have been implemented in this study to make a micron size suspended membranes with a nanometric thickness . Technological processes specific to each of these materials have been designed. Suspended membranes with thicknesses ranging from 2 to 15 nm and widths ranging from 1 to 2 microns were made. A novel method of characterization has been established to evaluate the mechanical properties of our membranes. A measurement protocol has been developed to measure the of displacement of the suspended membrane under the an electrostatic field . Amplitudes reaching ten nanometers were measured. More generally , this study provides a strong proof of the feasibility of suspended micrometer-sized membranes with an electrically detectable signal.
