The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC),whose treatments are of limited efficacy. The liver transplantation (LT) is the optimal therapy but is limited by a very rapid and universal HCV reinfection of the liver graft. We propose to use healthy donor-derived suicide gene modified lymphocytes (GML), known to be efficient for the treatment of hematological malignancies and that can be eliminated in case of adverse events. We show now that GML have a strong anti-tumoral activity against HCC and an anti-viral effect on HCV. Our objective is to create a bank of ready for-use allogeneic GML which could have numerous advantages in terms of costs,logistics and immediate availability, as compared with autologous immunotherapies. In parallel, we have studied the in vivo anti-viral effect of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed against an HCV coreceptor, claudin-1, inhibiting HCV entry in human hepatocytes. Using a human liver-chimeric mouse model of HCV infection, we show that this mAb can efficiently prevent HCV infection in vivo. Our results provide the proofs of concept that these two products, anti-claudin-1 mAb and GML, could be used for the prevention of liver graft HCV reinfection, while GML could further be used for the treatment of HCC, in combination with current HCC therapies
