The spermatozoa acquire their fertilizing ability and their motility through the epididymis. Paradoxically, this epididymal maturation needs reactive oxygen species (ROS) to condense the sperm chromatin permitting to protect the DNA against these molecules. We studied how the epididymis ensure the equilibrium between deficit and excess of ROS by characterizing the epididymal phenotype of mice lacking two antioxidant activities of the glutathione peroxidase family, GPx5 & snGPx4. The epididymis of these mice produce a strong antioxidant response and also increase the disulfide bridging activity by adjusting the gene expression of antioxidant enzymes (Trx, Prx, GST, SOD3, catalase) and disulfide isomerase proteins (Pdia). This protection is efficient for tissue and sperm membranes but not for sperm chromatin which is susceptible to decondensation. The sperm cells show oxidative damage in the nucleus, which worsen with the decrease of the antioxidant activity upon aging. Immunological and biochemical approaches indicated that oxidative damage occurred only on the sperm DNA at the periphery of the nucleus, which is enriched with persisting nucleosomes and associated to the nuclear matrix. Finally, to determine if these oxidative damages on the spermatozoa can be lowered, we studied the effects of an oral antioxidant supplement on wild type and gpx5-/- mice (Chabory et al., 2009).
