Both in clinical and environmental research, protein biomarkers are of growing interest. Although immunoassays are the gold standard for their quantification, recent advances in mass spectrometry (MS) make this technique a viable alternative to ELISA. This work provides some methodological elements to eliminate some limitations of the MS approach. First, two assays have been proposed. The first one achieved for G. fossarum represents the first example of quantification of vitellogenin in an invertebrate by LC-MS/MS. One of the challenges of the presented method is to specifically assay a protein in an organism whose genome is largely unknown. The second assay relates to methionine-containing peptides. A protocol was developped for total oxidation of methionines in order to overcome the bias due to their partial oxidation. This method was then applied to a protein involved in Alzheimer's disease (Apolipoprotein E4) in a cohort of 673 plasma samples. This assay is to date one of the largest study carried out by LC-MS/MS and shows all the robustness of this approach. Lastly, the influence of the mobile phase on the sensitivity of peptides assays was studied: first in reversed phase, where methanol is a good alternative to acetonitrile; then in HILIC, where the difficulties associated with the study of multicharged ions in a mainly organic content were discussed. Problems related to the carrying capacity of the columns were also raised.
