Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is a systemic autoimmune disease. It is mainly characterized by B cell and T cell infiltration in lacrimal and salivary glands (SG) responsible for eye and mouth dryness. In addition, endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLR) – especially TLR9 which recognizes microbial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and also, under certain conditions, self DNA – are important for B cell activation during lupus, a disease close topSS. Our work shows that TLR9 stimulation on transitional B cells, immature B cells freshly emigrated from bone marrow, promotes their differentiation into marginal zone B cell pathway and drives to auto-antibodies production. Analysis of infiltrating B cells in pSS SG reveals that this phenomenon might be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.Furthermore, we show that LL37, a peptide produced in the SG, could participate in TLR9activation of transitional B cells. Finally, we demonstrated an unexpected TLR9 expression on B cell surface. If the functional consequences of this localization remain to be more precisely evaluated, it seems that cell surface TLR9 has a negative effect on endosomal TLR9 stimulation. In conclusion, these results suggest TLR9 could be a new therapeutic target incase of pSS.
