Despite their therapeutic impact and clinical benefit, the mecanisms of action of anti-angiogenic agents and vascular disrupting agents (VDA), the reasons for their efficacy as well as the mechanisms underlying resistance to these drugs are not fully understood. Thus, identifying surrogate biomarkers of tumor angiogenesis and of the effects of these new therapeutic agents targeting tumor blood vessels has become a crucial objective. Because of their importance in vascular diseases, mature circulating endothelial cells (CEC) and circulating endothelial progenitor cells (CEP) were suggested to be potential candidate biomarkers of disease response and relapse to vascular targeting strategies. We investigated the role of these cells as biomarkers of tumor angiogenesis in pediatric solid tumors, as well as biomarkers of response to anti-angiogenic therapies in adult cancer patients. By revealing the particularly important role of CEP, these initial studies led to a more “mechanistic” study in which the cellular and molecular effects of a VDA were evaluated with regard to CEC and CEP in different mouse models; in particular, the “catalytic” role of CEP was explored as a mechanism of resistance to VDA. By combining anti-angiogenic agents aimed to inhibit CEP mobilized by the VDA, we demonstrate an increase in the anti-tumor activity of the VDA and offer a mechanistic rational to optimize VDA-based therapeutic strategies. Our data support the role of CEC and CEP as biomarkers of angiogenesis, of anti-angiogenic strategies and of resistance to vascular-disrupting therapies.
