This manuscript presents my thesis on the high frame rate (500 frames/second) single-photon detector electron-bombraded CMOS (ebCMOS). The first section compares three ultra-sensitive detectors and their methods for improving photon sensitivity : the CMOS low noise (sCMOS), the electron-multiplying CCD (emCCD) with signal multiplication by pixel and the ebCMOS with amplification by applied electric field. The method developped to detected single photon impacts with intra-pixel resolution on the ebCMOS sensor is presented. The second section compares the localization accuracy of these detectors in extreme conditions of very low photon flux (<10 photons/ frame). First the theoretical limit is calculated using the Cramér-Rao lower bound for significant parameter sets. An experimental comparaison of the detectors is then described. The setup provides of one or more point sources controlled in position, signal and background noise. The results allow a comparison of the experimental effectiveness, purity and localization accuracy. The last section describes two experiments with the ebCMOS camera. The first aims to track hundreds of quantum dots simultaneously at the Nanoptec center with the team of Christophe Dujardin. The second focuses on the swimming of bacteria at the surface at the Jolio Curie Institute with the team of Laurence Lemelle. The point sources tracking algorithm using single photons and the Kalman filter implementation developed for these experiments is alson described.
