Defined as access to all a healthy and sufficient food, food security has four components: availability, access, utilization and stability. Subjected to structural adjustment since the late 1980s, developing countries (DCs) have conducted an agricultural liberalization and trade opening, while developed countries maintain their agricultural protectionism (domestic support and export subsidies). The first objective is to analyze the misdeeds of agricultural liberalization poorly conducted and inadequate through the agricultural reforms in Senegal and the 2008 food crisis. The root causes of this crisis reside more in the financialization of agricultural markets, the deregulation and inefficient agricultural and food policies in developing countries. Food security is a stated goal for all countries, but would it be able to quantify it? Indeed, it was conceptualized but its multidimensional nature made it difficult to quantify. Our second goal is to build a composite indicator of food security through a principal component analysis (PCA) on a sample of 125 countries in 2005 and 2009. The main result is that the score of the developed countries has improved during this period, while that of low-income food deficit deteriorated. We can deduce that due to food crisis, food inequalities between developed and poor countries have increased. In addition, a hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) with Ward's method was also performed and showed four different food situations in our sample: food satiety, food security, food balance, food insecurity. It also highlighted the fact that the dependence on food imports and food prices had more impact on food insecurity as income.
