The thesis is based on a petrologic and geochemical study of mantle xenoliths from the central Siberian craton and the Baikal-Mongolia region of central Asia. Its goal is to establish the redox regime of the lithospheric mantle in these two domains with distinct tectonic settings and age and relate it to thermal regime and the speciation of C-0-H fluids. Oxygen fugacity is calculated based on Fe2+/Fe3+ ratios in spinel and garnet of mantle peridotites obtained by Mössbauer spectroscopy. The study deals with the following topics: (i) microstructures, chemical and mineralogical composition of the xenoliths; (ii) Fe2+/Fe3+ ratios in minerals by Mössbauer spectroscopy; (iii) equilibration temperatures and pressures using mineral thermo-barometry; (iv) oxygen fugacity from mineral compositions using oxybarometry; (v) proportions of molecular components in C-0-H fluids coexisting with the studied rocks. The three main conclusions of this study are: (1) Oxygen fugacity in the lithospheric mantle in the central Siberian craton decreases from +1 to -4 ΔlogʄO2 (FMQ) at depths from 70 to 220 km and shows significant lateral variations. (2) The lithospheric mantle beneath the Baikal-Mongolia region shows important redox heterogeneities, with a sharp decrease in oxygen fugacity (from +0 to -3 AlogfO2 (FMQ)) during the transition from the spine! to garnet facies peridotites at 50 to 90 km. (3) The speciation of C-O-H fluids changes with depth from essentially H2O-CO2 in the shallow lithospheric mantle to H2O-CH4 at the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary regardless of the thermal state and the thickness of the lithosphere
