The mediobasal hypothalamus contains numerous nuclei regulating energy homeostasis in response to peripheral metabolic signals. Among these nuclei, the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) is considered to be a critical component of the neural circuits regulating energy balance. Indeed, the ARH is able to integrate the metabolic information carried by nutrients and peripheral hormones, and to transmit their message to secondary nuclei regulating food intake. Therefore, the delivery of peripheral molecules conveying metabolic information to the ARH is a critical step in the regulation of food intake. At the level of the ARH, the organization of blood-brain interface is indeed peculiar. Both the vessels of the blood brain barrier (BBB) and the fenestrated vessels of the median eminence (ME), a circumventricular organ adjacent to the ARH, represent two pathways by which peripheral molecules may reach the ARH. While BBB vessels possess barrier properties restricting the access of peripheral molecules to the ARH, the vessels in the ME possess numerous fenestrations facilitating blood-brain exchanges. These two types of vessels are contacted by specialized ependymal cells lining the floor of the 3rd ventricle called tanycytes. Tanycytes express tight junction (TJ) proteins providing a putative role in the regulation of blood/brain exchanges. While ME tanycytes contact the fenestrated vessels which lie in the ME, they express TJ proteins organized as a continuous belt around their apical pole, creating a tight ependyma limiting ME/cerebrospinal fluid exchanges. In contrast, ARH tanycytes contact BBB vessels and express TJ proteins in a disorganized pattern thus creating a permeable ependyma allowing CSF/ARH exchanges. In the following studies we wished to examine how peripheral signals may reach the ARH through this peculiar blood-brain interface. Moreover, we wished to determine whether the blood-brain interface undergoes dynamic remodeling according to the energetic status of individual. To these aims the plasticity of the BBB vessels, fenestrated vessels of the ME, and tanycytes were analyzed under various metabolic challenges. Our studies show that both fasting- or 2-deoxyglucose-induced glucopenia induce vascular and ependymal reorganization in the ME and the ARH. This reorganization is characterized by an increase in the number of fenestrated vessels in the ME and in the ARH, and a reorganization of TJ proteins in ARH tanycytes, and led to improved access of peripheral molecules to the ARH. Furthermore, our results reveal that VEGF-A expression in tanycytes modulates the plasticity at the blood/brain interface. Indeed, the neutralization of VEGF signaling blocks fasting-induced barrier remodeling and significantly impairs the physiological response to refeeding. Finally, our supplementary results show that the ME-ARH reorganization is also observed in mice under different diet, as well as implicated in the circadian regulation of food intake. Strikingly, the ME-ARH organization is disturbed in diet-induced obese mice, which could be the origin of hormonal resistances observed in these mice. Altogether, our results suggest a new concept in the regulation of the food intake: peripheral glucose modulates blood/brain interface in the ME through a VEGF-dependent mechanism to improve the access of the metabolic signals towards the ARH. As other circumventricular organs possess a similar organization, characterized by fenestrated vessels and a tanycyte barrier, these exciting results pave the way to for future studies examining the remodeling of the blood-brain interface and its role in other neuroendocrine processes.
