The family of topological phases of electromagnetic origin consists of the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) phase predicted in 1959 and of the Aharonov-Casher (AC) and He-McKellar-Wilkens (HMW) phases predicted respectively in 1984 and 1993-1994. The AB phase and the AC phase have been quickly detected by experiments while the HMW phase was detected in 2011 by our team during the thesis of S. Lepoutre. The AC phase appears when a magnetic dipole interacts with an electric field perpendicular to the velocity and the dipole. The HMW phase, connected to the AC phase by the Maxwell duality, appears when an electric dipole interacts with a magnetic field perpendicular to its speed and to the dipole. This thesis presents the measurements of these two phases with an atomic Mach-Zehnder interferometer operating with the lithium atom 7Li and using Bragg diffraction by standing waves. I first describe the optical pumping of the atomic beam of lithium in a single Zeeman sublevel-hyperfine F = 2,mF = 2 (or −2) and its efficiency is close to 95 ± 5 %. This pumping has made undetectable the systematic effects that had complicated the first detection of the HMW phase. I then present the measurements of the AC and HMW phases which are small, about several dozens of milliradians respectively in our experience, with an uncertainty lower than 10%. By varying the average velocity of the atoms between 750m/s and 1500 m/s, we have checked that these two phases are independent of the velocity which proves their topological character.
