This thesis deals with the work the development of an all-optical device for the control of the polarization state of light. Actually, this feature of light remains so far an uncontrolled variable, which can degrade the performances of all-optical systems. Based on nonlinear interaction between two counterpropagating waves inside an optical fiber, this device called polarization attractor allows to control the polarization state of light without polarization dependent losses.In a first part, we carry out extensive studies of the polarization attractor properties leading to the control and the regeneration of the polarization state of the 10-Gb/s NRZ and RZ telecommunication signals. Then, this all-optical regeneration function is associated with other regeneration functions, like Raman amplification and Mamyshev regenerator, in order to regenerate optical telecommunication signals at rates exceeding 10-Gb/s.Finally, we present an extension of polarization attractor, called Omnipolarizer, where the light interacts with herself by means of a reflective element inserted at the opposite end of the optical fiber. In that case, the light is able to organize its own polarization state, demonstrating the ability of Omnipolarizer to stabilize by example the polarization state of a 40-Gb/s RZ telecommunication signal at 1550 nm
