Because of their unique ability to reconcile high transparency with good electrical conductivity, transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) are key materials in many applications such as organic light-emitting diodes, photovoltaic solar cells or flat displays. With its resistivity of a few 10⁻⁴ ohm.cm and its 85% transmittance in the visible range, Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) dominates the TCO market. Yet, it is brittle, unstable to plasma processes and its cost is rising due to its high indium content, encouraging research on alternative materials. This thesis aims at understanding key points to improve the performance of an aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) transparent electrode on the optical, electrical and interface levels; hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) photovoltaic solar cells serve as a test device in this study. We obtain microcrystalline AZO thin films by magnetron sputtering under various deposition conditions ; for certain parameters, performances are close to ITO. An adapted model after the Drude theory allowed to account for the link between transparency and conduction and to confirm that the material is saturated by charge carriers. The effectiveness of an electrode within a device also strongly depends on its interface with the absorber layer, since the charge carriers have to be rapidely extracted in order to avoid recombination. Some ways have been explored to reduce the potentiel barrier between amorphous silicon and the electrode, still favoring optical efficiency of the cells. It appears that the insertion of a buffer layer of titanium or tungsten oxide enables a sensible improvement in the cells' efficiencies.
