Objectives: This work investigated three hypotheses related to the etiology of childhood acute leukemia (AL):1) maternal folic acid supplementation before or during pregnancy reduces AL risk, accounting for the SNPs rs1801133 (C677T) and rs1801131 (A1298C) in MTHFR and rs1801394 (A66G) and rs1532268 (C524T) in MTRR, assumed to modify folate metabolism, 2) maternal occupation and occupational exposure during pregnancy may be link to LA 3) traffic is a source of environmental exposures, including benzene, which may be related to childhood leukemia. Methods: The data were obtained from the national registry-based case-control study ESCALE, carried out in France in 2003-2004. The ESCALE study included 764 cases and 1681 controls less than 15 years old and the controls were frequency matched with the cases on age and gender. The data were collected by a standardized telephone interview of the mothers. Various indicators of exposure to traffic and pollution were determined using the geocoded addresses at the time of diagnosis for the cases and of interview for the controls. The genotypes were obtained using high-throughput platforms and imputation for untyped polymorphisms. CITP-68 classification was used to classify maternal occupation during pregnancy. Indicators of the distance from, and density of, main roads and background traffic NO2 concentrations data were used. Odds ratio (OR) were estimated using unconditional regression models adjusted for potential confounders. Results: AL was significantly inversely associated with maternal folic acid supplementation before and during pregnancy (OR=0.4 [0.3–0.6]). MTHFR and MTRR genetic polymorphisms were not associated with AL. However, AL was positively associated with homozygosity for any of the MTHFR polymorphisms and carriership of both MTRR variant alleles (OR=1.6 [0.9–3.1]). No interaction was observed between MTHFR, MTRR, and maternal folate supplementation. Significant positive associations were observed between childhood AL and self-reported maternal occupational exposures during pregnancy to hair dye (OR=3.0 [1.7-5.2]), to paints or polishs and/or glues (OR=1.5 [1.1-2.2]), and to ionising radiations (OR=2.4 [1.3-4.6]). However, these associations were limited to exposure frequencies of less than 1 hour by week. Maternal occupational exposure to pesticides during pregnancy was not related to AL. AL was significantly associated with high estimates of traffic NO2 concentration at the place of residence(OR=1.2 [1.0-1.5]) and with the presence of a heavy-traffic road within 500 meters compared to the absence of a heavy-traffic road in the same area (OR=2.0 [1.0-3.6]). There was a significant association between AL and a high density of heavy-traffic roads within 500 meters in comparison to the reference category with no heavy-traffic road within 500 meters (OR=2.2 [1.1-4.2]), with a significant positive linear trend of the association of AL with the total length of heavy-traffic road within 500m. Conclusion: The study findings support the hypothesis that maternal folic acid supplementation may reduce the risk of childhood AL. The findings also suggest that the homozygous genotype for any of the MTHFR variants and carrying both MTRR variants could be a risk factor for AL. Finally, the results support the hypothesis that living close to heavy-traffic roads may increase the risk of childhood leukemia.
