Allograft rejection is one of the main obstacles in human kidney transplantation. The role of B lymphocytes in the response against the allograft is poorly understood. Our aim is to identify and clarify its involvement in chronical humoral and cellular rejection. First of all, we identify profound changes in the distribution of B lymphocytes in cABMR patients which was not the case for ACR patients. In those last ones, we were able to detect on kidney biopsies an important cellular infiltrate composed with B and T cells. In the second part of this work, the functional and regulatory functions of B cells from both groups of patients were analyzed by using an in vitro coculture model between B and T cells. It appeared that B lymphocytes isolated from cABMR patients were unable to inhibit autologous T cell activity. This study showed those cells failed to produce immunosuppressive molecules as TGFβ and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) leading to a default in the generation of regulatory T cells. To conclude, this study clearly showed the roles of B cells in physiopathological mechanisms of allograft rejection and helped to define new therapeutical strategies to prevent or reduce its consequences for the patients.
