The ability of Rubrivivax to adapt to its environment (aerobic versus anaerobic) relay on its ability to assemble different complexes involved respiration or photosynthesis pathways. These complexes require cofactors such as heme or chlorophylls, and metals such as magnesium, iron and copper. In particular, copper (Cu) is an essential trace element required for the assembly and the activity of the cytochrome c oxidase in the aerobic respiratory chain. Excess Cu however, is toxic and can originate in various cellular damages. In the absence of a tight control of copper entrance in the cells, bacteria have evolved different efflux systems to control copper concentration within the cytoplasm and the membrane. Very few data are available on the copper homeostasis systems in photosynthetic bacteria. We therefore studied the copper homeostasis system in Rubrivivax gelatinosus to understand how these microorganisms can deal with excess copper. In this work, I have identified several genes involved in copper tolerance. Central to this system, the P1B-type Cu⁺-ATPase CopA plays a major role in copper tolerance and translocates copper from the cytoplasm to the periplasm. The outlet of copper in the periplasm varies depending on the species. Cu can be sequestrated, oxidized or released outside the cells. Here I describe the identification CopI, a periplasmic protein present in many proteobacteria including Pseudomonas and Cupriavidus and show its requirement for copper tolerance in Rubrivivax under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Expression of both CopA and CopI is induced under excess copper and is regulated by CopR, a MerR regulator sensitive to changes in copper concentration. Rubrivivax genome encodes two P1B-type Cu⁺-ATPases, CopA and CtpA. My work confirmed that despite the sequence homology between these copper ATPases, they fulifill two different physiological roles in the cell. CopA is vital for tolerance to Cu while CtpA has a role in the insertion of Cu within cuproproteines. Furthermore, I showed that excess copper in the copA⁻ null mutant resulted in a substantial decrease of the cytochrome c oxidase and the photosystem under microaerobic and anaerobic conditions together with the extrusion of coproporphyrin III. Analyses of the mutant indicated that copper targeted the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway at the level of the coproporphyrinogen III oxidase HemN and thereby affects the heme and chlorophyll containing complexes, the oxidase and the photosystem. These results, as well as published work by Macomber (Macomber and Imlay 2009) suggest that Cu target the 4Fe-4S clusters and that this metal may have played a role in the emergence of bimetallic enzymes to replace 4Fe-4S clusters during the appearance of oxygen in the atmosphere.Analyses of CopI expression and the copI⁻ null mutant, demonstrate that CopI is required for copper tolerance, and in the absence of an E. coli Cus-like copper efflux system in R. gelatinosus, my results strongly suggest that CopI is the major copper handling protein within the membrane. Altogether, my results allowed me to draw a comprehensive picture of the copper tolerance system within the purple photosynthetic bacterium Rubrivivax gelatinosus and probably other proteobacteria that possess a homologue of copI gene.
