In fragmented landscapes, movements between habitat patches play a crucial role in population persistence by allowing gene flow, rescue effect possibilities, linking different habitats for reproduction or resources acquisition, … Although the importance of these movements, the landscape structure between patches (i.e. matrix) is too frequently considered as a homogeneous non-habitat of minor interest and behavioural adaptations in response to fragmentation are rarely taken into account. To investigate the importance of the landscape influence on movements, three complementary approaches are used: 1) experimental studies are performed to assess behavioural and physiological responses of common toads when they are confronted to different land uses. Land uses are thus characterised par the cost of their crossing for the focus species. 2) This work also aims to decipher the rules of movement in heterogeneous landscapes and to highlight behavioural differences according to the originated landscape (adaptations). 3) On the basis of modelling, the third part of this work intends to make predictions at the landscape scale
