Research in the field of neuromorphic- and cognitive- computing has generated a lot of interest in recent years. With potential application in fields such as large-scale data driven computing, robotics, intelligent autonomous systems to name a few, bio-inspired computing paradigms are being investigated as the next generation (post-Moore, non-Von Neumann) ultra-low power computing solutions. In this work we discuss the role that different emerging non-volatile resistive memory technologies (RRAM), specifically (i) Phase Change Memory (PCM), (ii) Conductive-Bridge Memory (CBRAM) and Metal-Oxide based Memory (OXRAM) can play in dedicated neuromorphic hardware. We focus on the emulation of synaptic plasticity effects such as long-term potentiation (LTP), long term depression (LTD) and spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP) with RRAM synapses. We developed novel low-power architectures, programming methodologies, and simplified STDP-like learning rules, optimized specifically for some RRAM technologies. We show the implementation of large-scale energy efficient neuromorphic systems with two different approaches (i) deterministic multi-level synapses and (ii) stochastic-binary synapses. Prototype applications such as complex visual- and auditory- pattern extraction are also shown using feed-forward spiking neural networks (SNN). We also introduce a novel methodology to design low-area efficient stochastic neurons that exploit intrinsic physical effects of CBRAM devices.
