The aim of this work is to understand the influence of silica nanoparticles on the physical transitions of different polymer matrix : polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Thus, the conventionnal thermal analysis techniques (TGA, DSC, DMTA) were employed in correlation with atypical techniques (multifrequency DSC, FSC, UFSC). In the case of PFA, the silica nanoparticles led to an increase of the Tg and of the thermomechanical properties. Besides, it was demonstrated that the presence of silica is enough to realise faster the polymerization process. The crystallization from the melt of PTFE was investigated for the first time on a very large range of cooling rates (untill 800 000 K.s-1). The enhancement of the nucleation process at slow cooling rates due to the silica nanoparticles has been put in relief with the study of filled PTFE crystallization. Yet, it has been shown that it slows down the diffusion of the chains through the medium for some of the cooling rates. The influence of silica nanoparticles on PDMS glass transition and crystallization was finally studied. The silica nanoparticles don't induce any significative effect on the glass transition. It appeared that the nanoparticles strongly influence the crystallization kinetics. This effect is linked to the enhancement of nucleation process by silica without any effect on chain diffusion.
