The focus of this thesis is the manipulation of the internal degrees of freedom of translationally cold cesium molecules produced by photoassociation of cold atoms. Molecules formed in several vibrational and rotational levels are transferred by an optical pumping mechanism in the absolute rovibronic ground level (v = J = 0) or, alternatively, into other selected rotational levels of the electronic ground state. The main idea of the process is to make the target level not accessible ("dark") to the optical excitation. The suppression of the optical frequencies necessary to make a chosen state dark is obtained by spectral shaping of the excitation laser used for the optical pumping. Molecules present in this state cannot absorb photons because the laser does not provide the necessary resonant frequencies. While a broadband laser is dedicated to cool the vibrational degrees of freedom, a second narrowband laser is used to cool the rotational one because the small rotational splitting of Cs2 levels requires a narrowband source. This method is very general indeed. Simulations, for the cesium case are in very good agreement with the experiment, show that it can be applied to many other molecules. Furthermore, it could pave the way to the optical manipulation of molecular beams, to direct laser cooling of molecules and beam collimation with possible lithography applications.
