The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) establishes a latent infection in the nervous system of humans, in which latency associated transcripts (LATs) accumulate in infected neurons. The key role of LATs in the control of viral latency is well established. However, since their discovery in the 80s, their mechanism of action remains unclear.The LAT gene is transcribed into a 8.3 kb primary LAT that is rapidly spliced, leading to the formation of two stable LATs; LAT2kb and LAT1.5kb. Remarkably, the LAT2kb and LAT1.5kb are introns. Their stability is the result of a non-canonical sequence of the branching point, which results in maintaining the lariat structure.Moreover, the region of the genome encoding the LATs also contains the RL2 gene, encoding ICP0 that acts upstream in the cascade of viral reactivation. Previous studies have shown that RL2 unspliced transcripts may accumulate in the main site of HSV-1 latency (trigeminal ganglia). We have characterized these unspliced transcripts RL2 gene in latently infected tissues. They reproducibly contain intron 1 and are particularly abundant in latently infected tissues where LATs also accumulate. We distinguished several types of latently infected tissues, the two most representative examples being the trigeminal ganglion (strong expression of LATs and accumulation of non-spliced transcripts RL2) and, in the opposite, the superior cervical ganglion (no accumulation of LAT compared with the amounts expressed during the acute phase of infection, and little expression in non-spliced RL2 transcripts). In all cases, the reality of the latent nature of the infection was confirmed by the presence of viral genome with no expression of mature transcripts from early viral gene (represented by the thymidine kinase gene) or late (UL18 gene).These results suggest a relationship between the presence of LAT and the accumulation of non-spliced RL2 transcripts, which could be related to the maintenance of latent infection in these tissues.
