To this day, very little is known about the way aging affects everyday episodic memory, which is a visually and contextually rich and complex memory. However, episodic memory is traditionally assessed using verbal tasks which are lacking such complexity. One of them, the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) uses the multi-trial free recall paradigm that we also implemented in the Human Object Memory of Everyday Scenes test using virtual reality to simulate a visit in an apartment (the HOMES test).This procedure allowed us to assess multiple memory processes such as learning, semantic clustering, proactive interference, recall versus recognition, and false recognitions. We also wanted to investigate the relationship between everyday memory and action through active navigation and its effects on each of these processes. We showed the typical profile of older adults usually obsereved using traditional paper-pencil tests on most of the memory indices except for proactive interference, which was not increased. In fact, older adults showed a reduced free recall performance despite a preserved learning ability across trials, a benefit from recognition but also a higher susceptibility to false recognitions. TBI patients (study 1) showed a profile similar to that of older adults, but patients with Alzheimer disease were impaired on all of the HOMES indices (study 2). Studies 3 and 4 examined the beneficial effect of active navigation in younger and older adults' everyday memory and showed that that recognition was the measure that benefited the most in both age groups. In contrast, older adults while active navigation decreased false recognitions in younger adults, it actually increased false recognitions in older adults. Our results on everyday memory are discussed in terms of item-specific deficit and executive deficit hypotheses in normal aging.
