This document consists of two parts and two annexes. In chapter 1, I present the nuclear component of the galactic cosmic radiation, and discuss astrophysical and dark matter issues. Chapter 2 is devoted to the study of gamma-ray emissions from the annihilation of dark matter. The common thread is the indirect search for dark matter, which relies on the signal and astrophysical background modelling. Each part provides an introduction to the subject, an overview, a compilation of results and some perspectives and research directions to develop for the coming years. To conclude, I underline the link and complementarity between charged and neutral particle studies for galactic and extragalactic objects. Appendix A presents some public tools developed for these studies. Appendix B is more personal, and provides my CV and describes my role supervising master and PhD students.
