In this thesis, we study several cryptographic primitives of use in Diffie-Hellman like protocols. We first study Diffie-Hellman protocols on commutative or noncommutative structures. We propose an unified wording of such protocols and bring out on which supposedly hard problem both constructions rely on. The first part is devoted to the study of pseudo-parameterization of algebraic curves in deterministic constant time, with application to hash function into curves. Algebraic curves are indeed particularly interesting for Diffie-Hellman like protocols. These protocols often use hash functions which directly hash into the curve. We propose new encoding functions toward elliptic curves and toward large classes of hyperelliptic curves. We then show how the study of the geometry of flex tangent of elliptic curves unifies the encoding functions as proposed in the litterature and in this thesis. In the third part, we are interested in a new instantiation of the Diffie-Hellman key exchange. It relies on the difficulty of factoring in a non-commutative polynomial ring. We show how to reduce a Diffie-Hellman decomposition problem over a noncommutative group to a simple linear algebra problem, provided that group elements can be represented by matrices. Although this is not directly relevant to the skew polynomial ring because they have no inverse, we use the divisibility to circumvent this difficulty. Finally, we show it's possible to solve the Diffie-Hellman problem on skew polynomials with polynomial complexity.
