The aim of this thesis is to explore the capabilities offered by resonant X-ray scattering for the study of multiferroic systems with a special emphasis on the feasibility of such experiments under applied electric field/current. Boundary propagation matrices formalism has been developed for the simulation of resonant reflectivity, using a set of eigenwaves as a basis for the computation. Resonant X-ray experiments were performed on three transition metal oxides. This technique combines chemical selectivity and reciprocal space information, and was used on very thin films of PbTiO3 to solve the atomic structure of a periodic pattern of ferroelectric domains. The spectroscopic signatures observed in our hard X-ray experiments are well reproduced with FDMNES ab-initio simulations of complex super cells. In the soft X-ray range, we studied the cycloidal antiferromagnetic structure of multiferroic BiFeO3 and especially the imprint of the cycloid on a 10 nm-thin layer of Co deposited on top of the multiferroic bulk material. We also present an experiment in which we tried to explore the effect of an electrical current applied on a thin film of charge-ordered Pr(1-x)Ca(x)MnO3. Last part is dedicated to instrumentation. We summarize the state of the art of european synchrotron beamlines and diffractometers which can host resonant X-ray diffraction experiments. Finally, we detail a new sample holder that we developed and tested in the high-vacuum diffractometer RESOXS, which allows for the application of an electric field/current.
