The aim of this research was to investigate the role of the virtual reality in the improvement of attentional processes and driving competence. A driving simulator was used in order to train people with attentional impairments, like Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) patients or elderly people. The theoretical frame suggested by Van Zomeren and Brouwer (1994) was used in order to train four attentional processes (phasic alert, vigilance, selective attention and divided attention). Ten TBI patients and 16 elderly people entered a 3-week 9-hour training program in which they were randomly allocated to either an experimental (simulator-based training) or control (computer-based training) group. Performance in off-road evaluations (neuropsychological and driving simulator tests) and on-road test were used to assess the driving ability of subjects pre- and post-training. Both groups improved in many neuropsychological evaluations. Significant improvements in driving simulator test were found in favor of the experimental group. However, improvements were greater for the control group regarding the on-road test. Results were discussed in terms of rehabilitation approach and automatic vs control processing theory. This study offers future research possibilities concerning the improvement of knowledge on virtual reality and learning transfer in daily activities
