This thesis first aims at establishing that Mallarmé, Valéry and Reverdy build up a strong theoretical criticism of Literature’s romantic foundations (which are both ontological and rhetorical); it also points out that this criticism leads to a legitimacy crisis. This crisis, though it does not express itself through a violent break from tradition (unlike the main ethos of the avant-garde), bears witness to an uncompromising sense of lucidity. We then demonstrate that this lucidity shapes the very writing of the poems through a-theological poetics and by reinvesting traditional forms (such as allegory or moralist writing) which can convey, though in a problematic way, a certain rhetorical transitivity. We thus throw light on the fact that the wrecking of romantic metaphysics makes these authors acknowledge the discursive nature of the poem, its poetical and rhetorical aspects. We finally conclude on the overcoming of both the aesthetic paradigm of literature and its political and communicational implications to the benefit of an acknowledgement of factual and rhetorical contingencies of the literary discourse. This defines, without any dogmatism, a humanistic disquiet.
