This thesis dealt with an application of the ultra-fast optical temporal gating properties of parametric image amplification to fluorescence lifetime imaging. We have proposed a method which associates each pixel of an image to a lifetime without scanning the sample. The objective of this work was to resolve different lifetimes on the same image in the nano to picosecond time scale. The first part shown that a weak image of dye fluorescence can be retrieved with a good signal to noise ratio, despite of the presence of noise in amplified images due to the amplification of quantum noise (Spontaneous Parametric Down Conversion). We have also shown that this noise (SPDC) can be used to achieve 2D radiance map directly expressed in photons per spatio temporal mode. Radiance images of incoherent signals with 10-2 photon per mode have been resolved. The second part of this work was devoted to fluorescence lifetime imaging. We use here parametric interaction in picosecond pulsed regime to perform a temporal sampling of the fluorescence signal. In this case, the optical temporal gate is achieved by detecting only the idler wave. Indeed, only the part of the signal synchronized with the pump pulse is amplified and duplicated on the idler channel. Hence, the detection of the idler wave and the rejection of the signal allow gating of the signal with a time gate duration given by the pump pulse duration (down to 1 ps). Images of different lifetimes have been obtained on the picosecond time scale with liquid and solid samples (dye molecules in PMMA). Moreover, we have observed very weak variations of the lifetime (few ps) according to the chemical environment of the fluorophore.
