The work reported in this thesis deals with the study of the supercontinuum generation in fibers transparent in the mid-infrared. To generate a supercontinuum between 3 and 5 µm we compare different glass families such as fluoride glasses, tellurite glasses and chalcogenide glasses. These fibers are pumped with fiber lasers emitting at 2 µm with nanosecond or picosecond pulse duration. This wavelength allows us to reach the zero dispersion wavelength of the chalcogenide tapered fibers. We report supercontinuum generation up to 3800 nm in a fluoride glass fiber. A connection with 75 % of transmission is made between a ZBLAN and a SiO2 fiber. We also measured absorption lines of the methane at 3300 nm. We report supercontinuum generation up to 2900 nm in an oxyde tellurite fiber. The supercontinuum edge at long wavelength is limited by the OH absorption of the fiber. Finally, several chalcogenide glass compositions and geometries are tested (As38Se62, As40S60, Ge10As22Se68). These fibers are pumped in their normal dispersion regime and we observe the four cascaded Raman shifts. The Raman gain coefficient in the AsSe glasses is estimated to be (1,6+/- 0,5) x 10E-11 m/W.A trade-off between the chromatic dispersion control and the coupling in the fiber leads us to use tapered fibers whose diameter varies along the length of the fiber. We report supercontinuum generation in an AsSe tapered fiber up to 2600 nm
