Trees are able to modify the orientation of their trunk and branches by asymmetrical production of prestressed wood. Biomechanical models designed to simulate these movements exist, but they cannot fit the righting-up movement (also called gravitropism) of young poplar trees at the intra-annual scale. The lack of knowledge of green wood maturation and mechanical properties is suspected to be responsible for this discrepancy. The aims of this study are to characterize mechanical properties of green wood during the maturation process, and to develop a biomechanical model that simulates quantitatively the gravitropism of young poplars. Nonlinear mechanical behavior is observed in cyclic tensile tests performed on thin lamellas of green wood. A relationship between stiffness and strain enables the characterization of this behavior. The intra-ring evolution of modulus of elasticity is measured using 3-points bending tests on small boards. Both of these experimental campaigns show that wood stiffness increases then decreases while cells are maturating. Creep tests show that green wood viscoelastic behaviour is described by a Burgers’ model. As a result, green wood viscoelastic properties are determined. These mechanical properties are used in a new biomechanical model designed for considering spatio-temporal evolutions of wood properties. Then the gravitropic movements of young poplars are simulated by considering viscoelastic behaviour of green wood, continuous maturation of cells, and variation of maturation strains along the growing season.
