This thesis is the result of the meeting of our appeal for two research domains on Human that are Prehistory and cognitive sciences. It joins within the framework of the synthetic theory of Evolution and tries to contribute to our knowledge of evolutionary processes, and more modestly to those guiding the evolution of the first Neanderthals settling northern France. The term "comportement" (behaviour) is now omnipresent in French papers of Prehistory. If the recourse to the term is recurring, its employment is often excessive or approximate and reveals the undeniable forgetting of its underlying meaning and concepts it contains. The choice to study Neanderthal behaviour required to return to the origins of the word and the understood concepts which led to its current definition. This enriching progression results at the suggestion of approach which was led in this work: integrate and adapt the methods and the approaches developed in behaviour sciences in our approach of prehistorian to bring another point of view and another level of interpretation to analyzed datas. This approach imposes to select sensibly the raw material that are the prehistoric occupations in order to reconstitute occupants behaviour. Our study focused on a little more than 150 000 years of history redrawing the adventure of the first Neanderthals of northern France. To be made, two sites representing eight Neanderthal occupations were selected and studied for the quality and the diversity of the informations received in behavioural terms: Biache-Saint-Vaast and Therdonne.
