Propriétés combinatoires et arithmétiques de certaines suites automatiques et substitutives

This thesis studies some links between the combinatorial properties of the base-b expansion or of the continued fraction expansion of a given real number and the fact that this real number is algebraic or transcendental (a conjecture of Borel predicts that every irrational algebraic is an absolutely normal number: its base-b expansions have the properties of a random sequence).