In this thesis we investigate quantum transport and Anderson localization of non- interacting matterwaves in anisotropic disorder. Using microscopic approaches, we study the effect of disorder correlations, which are shown to significantly modify quantum transport properties in 1D, 2D and 3D. We develop general theoretical tools and apply them to particular models of continuous disorder, which are relevant to ultracold atom experiments : speckle potentials. First, in the one-dimensional case we extend previous models for the localization process of ultracold atoms expanding in a standard speckle potential and show that taking into account new ingredients could permit to understand deviations between experiments and theory observed previously. We then study quantum transport and Anderson localization in dimensions higher than one, with special emphasis on anisotropic correlations, which are naturally present in most speckle potentials. We compute quantum transport properties and propose a new method to estimate the 3D localization threshold (mobility edge). Our theoretical findings are compared with the results of two recent experiments which report evidence of 3D localization of matterwaves. Eventually, we further study effects of disorder correlations, which can induce inversion of localization anisotropies and enhancement of Anderson localization with the particle energy, when appropriately tailored.
