Saccades are brief movements of the eyes which bring peripheral visual objects onto the central, foveal part of the retina for detailed visual analysis. All models assume that the programming of saccade metrics primarily reflects distributed spatial coding in the Superior Colliculus (SC), and is only modulated by cognitive, endogenous processes. Furthermore, the majority of models rely on the assumption that lateral interactions between collicular neurons (local and excitatory or distant and inhibitory) are responsible for both where and when the eyes move. The present studies aimed at (1) testing and specifying the relationship between distributed spatial coding and saccade metrics, (2) re-examining the role of visual strategies on saccade metrics, and (3) testing the role of lateral interactions. To this aim, humans' eye movements were recorded in saccade-target tasks, in which the target was presented with or without a distractor stimulus. Results first confirmed the distributed spatial-coding hypothesis by showing that spatial-integration fields as estimated by the maximal distance between two stimuli for the eyes to move to an intermediate location (or global effect; Findlay, 1982) share the same properties as the receptive fields of collicular neurons. Second, in contradiction with the general assumption, visual strategies can also take the eyes to the centre of gravity of the global visual configuration. Third, contrary to the lateral-interaction hypothesis, the effect of a distractor on saccade latency (Walker et al., 1997) is independent of its distance to the target. Since stimulus eccentricity is the critical variable, it seems that when the eyes move is determined instead by the balance between fixation and saccade-related activities. Our work thus proposes a new set of constraints for the modeling of the neural and cognitive bases of saccade programming.
