Using functional and numerical methods, we localize the spectrum of a differential operator and we build approximate solutions for classes of Fredholm equations of the second kind, two of which have a weakly singular kernel. In the first chapter, we study the pseudospectral stability of a convection-diffusion nonselfadjoint operator defined on an open unbounded set. From the result of pseudospectral stability, we localize the spectrum of the operator. In the second chapter, we regularize the kernel of an integral operator using a convolution product, then we approach the new kernel by its truncated Fourier series. We obtain an integral operator of finite rank, which allows us to compute an approximate solution numerically
