This thesis presents a study of the nonlinear dissipative dynamics of localized of self organized structures in passively mode-locked fiber laser through nonlinear polarization evolution. We reveal the existence of a gradual transition from the quasi-cw to mode locked dynamics in the multi-pulsing regime. We emphasize on the intermediate state, where various new dynamics are observed. We study collective behaviors of dissipative solitons in the presence of a continuous background. One of the complex and attractive dynamics presented is the "soliton rain", which composed of three field components : continuous modes of background, drifting of solitons and condensed phase solitons. This dynamic appears when the energy flows through the three components. The relative motion of the drifting solitons and the temporal asymmetry present the major characteristics that distinguish this dynamic. Other types of self-organizations of solitons were observed and studied as the "release of the solitons from the condensed phase" and the "chirped trains with condensed soliton phase". We were also interested in the single pulse propagation. For the first time, an important dynamics of spectral breathing was predicted in a dispersion-managed cavity. We showed that pulse compression dynamics in the passive anomalous fiber can be accompanied by a significant enhancement of the spectral width and that the width of the pulse can exceed the amplifier bandwidth. We studied, the extraction and the optimization of the signal laser according to the parameters of the cavity and we presented the characteristics of a cavity delivering ultra short pulses with a spectral width exceeding the amplifier bandwidth by a factor of 2.4. The dynamics presented in this thesis show the complexity and variety of the dissipative dispersion-managed dynamics in fiber laser mode locked through nonlinear polarization evolution.
