This thesis aim at showing the interest of using integrated optics to handle the topic of long distance quantum communication. Integrated optics brings on several advantages such as high confinement for non-linear interaction, single mode operation, and unmatched stability. We propose to demonstrate by presenting the study and the realization of various key elements for long distance quantum communication. After a short introduction on quantum information to explain the current challenges in this field, we present the realization of three entangled photon pair sources for the observables polarization (2) and time-bin (1), emitting at telecom wavelengths. These sources are among the best ever reported in terms of brightness and entanglement quality. In the last part, we present the development and the implementation of a more advanced key element: a quantum relay chip. Such a chip allows to increase the quantum communication distance by 1.8 times. For the first time, this realization merges, in the same component, two non-linear effects: one optics-optics related for generation of entangled photon pairs, and the other, based on electro-optics for controllable photon routing. A two-photon interference experiment has been realized between a photon emitted by the chip and another one from an external source. Demonstrating a visibility of 79%, in full agreement with the theoretical predictions, enabled us to prove the pertinence of our approach.
