This thesis focuses on the manipulation of rubidium 87 atoms in a microscopic optical dipole trap. The experiments are performed in various regimes where the number of atoms in the microscopic trap ranges from exactly one atom to several thousands on average.The single atom regime allows us to calibrate the experimental setup. We use it a quantum bit, which state we can prepare and read out with efficiencies of 99.97% and 98.6%, respectively. When several atoms are loaded in the microscopic trap we observe a sub-Poissonian distribution of the number of atoms due to light-assisted collisions in the presence of near-resonant light. A study of these collisions in our particular case (microscopic trap) reveals extremely high loss rates approaching the theoretical Langevin limit. Finally, we demonstrate that the loading of the microscopic trap is more efficient when we superimpose on this trap a second macroscopic trap, which we use as an atom reservoir. This reservoir allows us to load the micro trap from the macro trap in the absence of any near-resonant light, thus avoiding light-assisted collisions.The loading of the micro trap from the macro trap leads to optimal initial conditions for forced evaporation towards Bose-Einstein condensation with about ten atoms only. After evaporation we reach phase-space densities approaching the degenerate regime.
