The process of globalisation has frequently prompted local strategies to develop a 'cluster' approach in response to increased international economic competition. However, each cluster is characterised by specific policies, partnerships and patterns of co-operation to promote competitiveness. This paper presents five case studies (located in France, Italy and Portugal) that illustrate the actions of local policy makers and other stakeholders in seeking to promote and safeguard economic activity and employment. Each locality has experienced economic decline in the recent past and their local economies exhibit continuing weakness, notwithstanding recent innovative policies.
