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The authors thank Peter Brandt and Ping Chang for helpful discussions and the crews of the EGEE campaigns and R/V Meteor for their collaboration. Financial support for this study was provided by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft as part of the Emmy Noether Program (R.H. and M.D., Grant DE1369/1-1) and by the Deutsche Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung as part of the Verbundvorhaben NORDATLANTIK (Grants 03F0443B and 03F0605B) and SOPRAN (Grant FKZ 03F0462A). The EGEE cruises were part of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) program. Collection of the HRP data was supported by the US National Science Foundation. The authors also acknowledge the PIRATA program for free buoys data access. 4 PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD OXFORD PROG OCEANOGR
