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We benefited from freely available datasets, including SLA from Aviso (http://www.aviso.oceanobs.com/en/data/products/sea-surface-height-produ cts/global/msla), WWV from PMEL (http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/elNino/wwv/), gridded Hadley Centre Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature dataset (http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadisst/), and the El Nino Modoki Index (http://www.jamstec.go.jp/frcgc/research/d1/iod/DATA/emi.monthly.txt). We do thank B. Barnier and J.-M. Molines from LEGI, Grenoble, for making available the latest DRAKKAR model output. Comments from S. Cravatte and from four anonymous and tenacious though overall constructive reviewers were appreciated. One of us (A.S.) benefited from a Ph.D. grant from the French Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD) while staying at the LEGOS laboratory in Toulouse, France from 2009-2012. 0 PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD OXFORD DEEP-SEA RES PT I
