Our study is on the matrix and etymons theory (TME), mainly elaborated by G. Bohas (1997, 2000), G. Bohas and M. Dat (2007), and G. Bohas and A. Saguer (2012). This new tool proposes a reorganization of the vocabulary of Semitic languages, no longer based on phonemes but on distinctive features. This viewpoint brings us to contest the primitive angle of the notion of triconsonantal root developed by Arab grammarians in the Middle Ages. Moreover, TME enables us to explain lots of regularities noticed in the vocabulary, such as phono-semantical links between stems, the mimetic aspect of the sign’s structure, the polysemy of the triliteral roots, etc. Our thesis deals with biblical Hebrew and is divided in three parts. The first gives a complete definition of the theory. The second applies it to the vocabulary of seven notional fields built on a stable phonetic setting. The third proposes a lexicon presenting a whole reorganization of the vocabulary of ancient Hebrew based on bilateral etymons.