This thesis is dedicated to the development of new acquisition and processing methods in diffusion MRI (dMRI) to characterize the diffusion of water molecules in white matter fiber bundles at the scale of a voxel. In particular, we focus our attention on the accurate recovery of the Ensemble Average Propagator (EAP), which represents the full 3D displacement of water molecule diffusion. Diffusion models such that the Diffusion Tensor or the Orientation Distribution Function (ODF) are largely used in the dMRI community in order to quantify water molecule diffusion. These models are partial EAP representations and have been developed due to the small number of measurement required for their estimations. It is thus of utmost importance to be able to accurately compute the EAP and order to acquire a better understanding of the brain mechanisms and to improve the diagnosis of neurological disorders. Estimating the full 3D EAP requires the acquisition of many diffusion images sensitized todifferent orientations in the q-space, which render the estimation of the EAP impossible in most of the clinical dMRI scanner. A surge of interest has been seen in order to decrease this time for acquisition. Some works focus on the development of new and efficient acquisition sequences. In this thesis, we use sparse coding techniques, and in particular Compressive Sensing (CS) to accelerate the computation of the EAP. Multiple aspects of the CS theory and its application to dMRI are presented in this thesis.