The physico-chemical approaches are insufficient to assess the impact of pollution on ecosystems. Thus many bioassays, varying in the level of organization represented, have been developed, as laboratory aquatic microcosm tests. These tests are a compromise between single-species tests, which are standard laboratory methods commonly used but highly simplified and not very ecologically representative, and outdoor mesocosm tests, which are more representative but more expensive, heavy to implement, less replicable and more difficult to interpret. In this work, we focused on the bioassay originally developed by Clément and Cadier (1998). This tool allows to evaluate the effect of substances or potentially contaminated matrices on an artificial ecosystem consisting of water and sediment in which are introduced simultaneously five freshwater aquatic species commonly used in monospecific toxicity testing : the algea Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, the duckweed Lemna minor, the daphnia Daphnia magna, the amphipod Hyalella azteca and the insect Chironomus riparius. This test was used in many projects since its conception but its variability remains the main limitation despite successive improvements. The main objective of this study was to optimize the test. The main improvement was continuous renewal of the water system, which helped to stabilize the physico-chemical parameters of the water column and algal density, and thus improve the development of organisms and replicability of the test. Cadmium was used as a model contaminant to evaluate the proposed methodological developments. The decrease in variability in flowthrough microcosms increases the ability to detect sublethal effects on pelagic organisms with conventional statistical tests. The development of a dynamic modeling framework was used to compare the sensitivity of Daphnia to cadmium in experiments with different exposure pattern.
Development of a laboratory aquatic microcosm chronic bioassay and evaluation of the method through the study of cadmium effects