Nanostructuration of unsaturated polyester resins by block copolymers : application to SMC and BMC composites
The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of PBA-b-P(MMA-co-DMA) and PBA-b-P(BA-co-DMA) block copolymers (BCP) as multifunctional additives nanostructuring the unsaturated polyester thermosetting matrix of SMC and BMC composites. The nanostructuration of the unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) is ensured by the segregation of the poly(butyl acrylate) elastomeric block, and by the miscibility of the second block in the thermoset thanks to the good compatibility of dimethylacrylamide units (self-assembly). These BCP are first studied as reinforcing and anti-shrinkage agents in SMC and BMC composites, as compared to conventional low profile additives PVAc and P(MMA-co-S) traditionally blended to compensate the polyester resin shrinkage. These nanostructuring additives are then studied as thickening agents in SMC compounds. As the nanostructuration of BCP in the UP reactive resin can lead to a high viscosity increase (gel formation), BCP might provide a more efficient thickening than the conventional additive magnesium oxide. Matrices are studied first [UPR + BCP, UPR + PVAc and UPR + P(MMA-co-S)], BMC and SMC composites filled with calcium carbonate and reinforced by chopped glass fibres being then considered. In the absence of fillers and fibres (neat matrix), the nanostructuration is less efficient than the macrophase separation of PVAc and P(MMA-co-S) to compensate the polyester resin shrinkage. However, in a composite, the nanostructuration leads to an intermediate shrinkage compensation between those of P(MMA-co-S) and PVAc. In the neat matrix, the nanostructuration avoids a substantial decrease of polyester network toughness and can even lead sometimes to a significant reinforcement, whereas conventional additives decrease tremendously this property. However, this difference is not observed in composites, fillers giving rise to an early cracking of the matrix. A nanostructured composite can still present a significant reinforcement compared to conventional composites when it contains large nanovoids (compensating shrinkage) which improve the fracture toughness of the material. As regards the thickening of an SMC compound by nanostructuration during cooling (crossing of the order-disorder transition), the viscosity increase of a UPR + BCP reactive system seems important and sharp enough, but in the presence of fillers the viscosity increase is not sufficient or the order-disorder transition temperature is too low because of the influence of fillers on the nanostructuration.