Inflammation of adipose tissue and vulnerability of central nervous system
In the last years, Obesity has been considered a major health issue with around 10% of the world population affected. The causes of this pandemy are multiple, but include bad alimentary habits and an increasing settle way of life. The recent discovery that chronic inflammation during obesity was associated with this disease physiopathology and others complications is the center of many investigations. Adipose tissue (AT), in addition to its metabolic activity, has an intense secretory activity and is a main player in this inflammatory syndrome. Autotaxin (ATX), adiponectin and resistin are such mediators secreted by AT. These factors functions in metabolism regulation are well described, but their effects on others organs are not always known. As it has been shown that some of these factors receptors are present in the central nervous system (CNS), it is interesting to study their effects in this organ. In this context, we initially studied the effect of ATX on the oxidative stress generated by H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) and inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or trimethyltin (TMT) in murine microglial cells, resident immune cells of the CNS. Our results show for the first time, the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of ATX in microglial cells. In mice, TMT affects hippocampal region of CNS and we showed that ATX RNA is up regulated in the hippocampus 5 days post TMT treatment. Our results suggest that ATX could be involved in the regulation of microglia homeostasis and in neuroinflammation. The effect of TMT on the inflammation produced by the AT has also been studied and the results show that TMT induces an inflammatory response in two cell types of AT: adipocytes and macrophages and in fat tissue from ob/ob mice.We then subcloned the cDNA of adiponectin and resistin in eukaryotic expression vectors to study their effects on microglial cells under normal or inflammatory conditions. This study should lead to better understanding of adipose tissue influence on the CNS and therefore the relationship between obesity and neurodegenerative diseases to develop new therapeutic approaches.